??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???, ??(??)? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ????. ?? ???? '????'? ?? ??? ??? ???????. 1. ??? ???? ?? ?? 1.1. ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?? ????? ???

1. ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ????. 2. ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???: ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ???: ? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???: ??? ???? ??

????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??, ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??: ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????(ISP)? ?? ??? ? ????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ????. ?? ?? ??: ??? ?? ????

???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???. ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? 1. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. 2. ??? ??

TypeScript has become a popular language for building scalable and maintainable applications. One of the most useful features it offers is the ability to define types explicitly, which makes your code safer and easier to debug. Among the various features of TypeScript, the concept of optional types